Hybrid laser-arc welding of low-alloy steels: From scientific concept to industrial technology (1970s–2020s)
Abstract
The article examines the historical development of hybrid laser-arc welding of low-alloy steels from the formulation of the hybrid concept in the late 1970s to its emergence as an industrial technology in the early 21st century. Two interrelated but historically non-synchronous trajectories are identified: the evolution of fundamental and applied scientific research on laser-arc interaction and the subsequent formation of sustainable industrial applications in shipbuilding, pipeline welding, wind turbine tower manufacturing, and energy structures. Based on scientific publications, institutional reports, and documented industrial implementations in Germany, Denmark, Finland, USA and China, the path of hybrid welding transition from laboratory experiments to serial production in sectors with complex design requirements is reconstructed. Particular attention is paid to the role of leading research centers, as well as technology transfer processes. It is shown that the significant time lag between scientific justification and industrial implementation was due not only to the level of development of laser equipment, but also to institutional conservatism, certification barriers and high capital intensity of laser-oriented production systems. The sectoral nature of the technology’s spread is separately analyzed, which explains why hybrid laser-arc welding first became established in European shipbuilding, later in selected pipeline projects in North America, then in the production of wind energy towers in Germany, and to the greatest extent in offshore and energy structures in China. The fundamentally important rethinking of this technology in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is also considered, with an emphasis on reducing heat input, reducing welding consumables, reducing deformations and extending the service life of large steel structures. It is proven that hybrid laser-arc welding did not emerge as a universal alternative to traditional arc or submerged arc processes, but as a highly productive targeted solution determined by the interaction of scientific knowledge, industrial demand, institutional networks, and long-term structural changes in steel-intensive industries.
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References
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- was not previously published in other publishing houses and has not been submitted for publication in other editions.
The author passes the editorial board of the journal "History of science and technology" rights to:
- publication of the article in Ukrainian (English and Russian) language and distribution of its printed copy;
- translation of the article into English language (for articles in Ukrainian and Russian language) and distribution of its translated printed copy;
- distribution of the article electronic copy, as well as electronic copy of the article English translation (for articles in Ukrainian and Russian), via any electronic means (placing on the official web-site of the journal, electronic databases, repositories, etc.) printed copy of the translation.
The author reserves the right without the consent of the editorial board and founders:
- Use the materials of the article in whole or in part for educational purposes.
- Use the materials of the article in whole or in part to write their own dissertations.
- Use the materials of the article for the preparation of abstracts, conference reports, as well as oral presentations.
- Place electronic copies of the article (including the final electronic copy downloaded from the official web-site of the journal) to:
- personal web-resources of all authors (web-sites, web-pages, blogs, etc.);
- web-resources of institutions where authors work (including electronic institutional repositories);
- non-commercial web-resources of open access (for example, arXiv.org).
In all cases, the availability of a bibliographic link to an article or hyperlink to its electronic copy on the official website of the journal is compulsory.
